Estimating Global Visual Field Indices in Glaucoma by Combining Macula and Optic Disc OCT Scans Using 3-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Networks

Abstract

Purpose: To evaluate the accuracy at which visual field global indices could be estimated from OCT scans of the retina using deep neural networks and to quantify the contributions to the estimates by the macula (MAC) and the optic nerve head (ONH). Design: Observational cohort study. Participants: A total of 10 370 eyes from 109 healthy patients, 697 glaucoma suspects, and 872 patients with glaucoma over multiple visits (median = 3). Methods: Three-dimensional convolutional neural networks were trained to estimate global visual field indices derived from automated Humphrey perimetry (SITA 24-2) tests (Zeiss, Dublin, CA), using OCT scans centered on MAC, ONH, or both (MAC + ONH) as inputs. Main Outcome Measures: Spearman's rank correlation coefficients, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and absolute errors calculated for 2 indices: visual field index (VFI) and mean deviation (MD). Results: The MAC + ONH achieved 0.76 Spearman's correlation coefficient and 0.87 Pearson's correlation for VFI and MD. Median absolute error was 2.7 for VFI and 1.57 decibels (dB) for MD. Separate MAC or ONH estimates were significantly less correlated and less accurate. Accuracy was dependent on the OCT signal strength and the stage of glaucoma severity. Conclusions: The accuracy of global visual field indices estimate is improved by integrating information from MAC and ONH in advanced glaucoma, suggesting that structural changes of the 2 regions have different time courses in the disease severity spectrum.