A study of madelung potential effects in the ESCA spectra of the metal oxides

Abstract

Madelung potentials, assuming the normal oxidation states of the ions involved, have been calculated within the point-charge approximation for most of the common metal oxides, and an empirical expression has been found for obtaining these potentials to a high degree of accuracy. Using these potentials and core binding-energy shifts of the free ions [1], calculated and experimental ESCA spectra have been compared. Deficiencies of the simple Madelung-potential model are discussed, and trends in the ionicity of the oxides are obtained. © 1980.